THE ABSOLUTE AND MANIFESTATION
The one question that is most
difficult to grasp in understanding the Advaita philosophy, and the one
question that will be asked again and again and that will always remain is: How has
the Infinite, the Absolute, become the finite?
I will now take up this
question, and, in order to illustrate it, I will use a figure.
Here is the Absolute (a), and
this is the universe (b). The Absolute has become the universe. By this is not
only meant the material world, but the mental world, the spiritual world —
heavens and earths, and in fact, everything that exists.
Mind is the name of a change,
and body the name of another change, and so on, and all these changes
compose our universe. This Absolute (a) has become the universe (b) by coming
through time, space, and causation (c). This is the central idea of Advaita. Time,
space, and causation are like the glass through which the Absolute is seen,
and when It is seen on the lower side, It appears as the universe. Now we at once
gather from this that in the Absolute there is neither time, space, nor
causation. The idea of time cannot be there, seeing that there is no mind, no thought.
The idea of space cannot be there, seeing that there is no external change.
What you call motion and causation cannot exist where there is only One. We
have to understand this, and impress it on our minds, that what we call
causation begins after, if we may be permitted to say so, the degeneration of the
Absolute into the phenomenal, and not before; that our will, our desire and all
these things always come after that.
I think Schopenhauer's
philosophy makes a mistake in its interpretation of Vedanta, for it seeks to
make the will everything. Schopenhauer makes the will stand in the place of the
Absolute. But the absolute cannot be presented as will, for will is something
changeable and phenomenal, and over the line, drawn above time, space, and
causation, there is no change, no motion; it is only below the line that
external motion and internal motion, called thought begin. There can be no will
on the other side, and will therefore, cannot be the cause of this universe.
Coming nearer, we see in our
own bodies that will is not the cause of everymovement. I move this chair;
my will is the cause of this movement, and this will becomes manifested as
muscular motion at the other end. But the same power that moves the chair is
moving the heart, the lungs, and so on, but not through will. Given that the
power is the same, it only becomes will when it
rises to the plane of
consciousness, and to call it will before it has risen to this plane is a misnomer. This
makes a good deal of confusion in Schopenhauer's
philosophy.
A stone falls and we ask, why?
This question is possible only on the supposition that nothing happens
without a cause. I request you to make this very clear in your minds, for
whenever we ask why anything happens, we are taking for granted that
everything that happens must have a why, that is to say, it must have been preceded by
something else which acted as the cause. This precedence and succession are
what we call the law of causation. It means that everything in the universe is
by turn a cause and an effect. It is the cause of certain things which come
after it, and is itself the effect of something else which has preceded it. This is
called the law of causation and is a necessary condition of all our thinking.
We believe that every particle in the universe, whatever it be, is in relation
to every other particle. There has been much discussion as to how this idea
arose. In Europe, there have been intuitive philosophers who believed that
it was constitutional in humanity, others have believed it came from
experience, but the question has never been settled.
We shall see later on what the
Vedanta has to say about it. But first we have to understand this that the very
asking of the question "why" presupposes that everything round us has been
preceded by certain things and will be succeeded by certain other things. The
other belief involved in this question is that nothing in the universe is
independent, that everything is acted upon by something outside itself.
Interdependence is the law of the whole universe. In asking what caused the
Absolute, what an error we are making! To ask this question we have to suppose
that the Absolute also is bound by something, that It is dependent on
something; and in making this supposition, we drag the Absolute down to the
level of the universe. For in the Absolute there is neither time, space, nor
causation; It is all one. That which exists by itself alone cannot have any
cause. That which is free cannot have any cause; else it would not be free, but
bound. That which has relativity cannot be free. Thus we see the very
question, why the Infinite
became the finite, is an impossible one, for it is self contradictory.
Coming from subtleties to the
logic of our common plane, to common sense, we can see this from another side,
when we seek to know how the Absolute has become the relative. Supposing we
knew the answer, would the Absolute remain the Absolute? It would have become
relative. What is meant by knowledge in our common-sense idea? It is only
something that has become limited by our mind, that we know, and when it is
beyond our mind, it is not knowledge. Now if the Absolute becomes limited by
the mind, It is no more Absolute; It has become finite. Everything limited by
the mind becomes finite.
Therefore to know the Absolute
is again a contradiction in terms. That is why this question has never
been answered, because if it were answered, there would no more be an Absolute.
A God known is no more God; He has become finite like one of us. He
cannot be known He is always he Unknowable One.
But what Advaita says is that
God is more than knowable. This is a great fact to learn. You must not go home
with the idea that God is unknowable in the sense in which agnostics put it. For
instance, here is a chair, it is known to us. But what is beyond ether or
whether people exist there or not is possibly unknowable.
But God is neither known nor
unknowable in this sense. He is something still higher than
known; that is what is meant by God being unknown and unknowable. The
expression is not used in the sense in which it may be said that some questions
are unknown ant unknowable. God is more than known. This chair is
known, but God is intensely more than that because in and through Him we have to
know this chair itself. He is the Witness, the eternal Witness of all
knowledge. Whatever we know we have to know in and through Him. He is the Essence
of our own Self. He is the Essence of this ego, this I and we cannot know
anything excepting in and through that I. Therefore you have to know everything in
and through the Brahman. To know the chair you have to know it in and
through God.
Thus God is infinitely nearer
to us than the chair, but yet He is infinitely higher. Neither known, nor
unknown, but something infinitely higher than either. He is your Self.
"Who would live a second, who would breathe a second in this universe, if
that Blessed One were not filling it?" Because in and through Him we
breathe, in and through Him we exist. Not the He is standing somewhere and
making my blood circulate. What is meant is that He is the Essence of all this,
tie Soul of my soul. You cannot by any possibility say you know Him; it would
be degrading Him. You cannot get out of yourself, so you cannot know Him.
Knowledge is objectification.
For instance, in memory you
are objectifying many things, projecting them out of yourself. All memory, all
the things which I have seen and which I know are in my mind. The pictures, the
impressions of all these things, are in my mind, and when I would try to think
of them, to know them, the first act of knowledge would be to project them
outside. This cannot be done with God, because He is the Essence of our souls,
we cannot project Him outside ourselves. Here is one of the profoundest
passages in Vedanta: "He that is the Essence of your soul, He is the
Truth, He is the Self, thou art That, O Shvetaketu." This is what is meant
by "Thou art God." You cannot describe Him by any other language. All
attempts of language, calling Him father, or brother, or our dearest friend,
are attempts to objectify God, which cannot be done. He is the Eternal Subject
of everything. I am the subject of this chair; I see the chair; so God is the
Eternal Subject of my soul. How can you objectify Him, the Essence of your
souls, the Reality of everything? Thus, I would repeat to you once more, God is
neither knowable nor unknowable, but something infinitely higher than either.
He is one with us, and that which is one with us is neither knowable nor
unknowable, as our own self. You cannot know your own self; you cannot move it
out and make it an object to look at, because you are that and cannot separate
yourself from it. Neither is it unknowable, for what is better known than
yourself? It is really the centre of our knowledge. In exactly the same sense,
God is neither unknowable nor known, but infinitely higher than both; for He is
our real Self.
First, we see then that the
question, "What caused the Absolute?" is a contradiction in terms; and
secondly, we find that the idea of God in the Advaita is this Oneness; and,
therefore, we cannot objectify Him, for we are always living and moving in
Him, whether we know it or not. Whatever we do is always through Him. Now the
question is: What are time, space, and causation? Advaita means
non-duality; there are no two, but one. Yet we see that here is a proposition
that the Absolute is manifesting Itself as many,through the veil of time,
space, and causation. Therefore it seems that here aretwo, the Absolute and Mâyâ
(the sum total of time, space, and causation). It seems apparently very convincing
that there are two. To this the Advaitist replies that it cannot be
called two. To have two, we must have two absolute independent existences which
cannot be caused. In the first place time, space,and causation cannot be said
to be independent existences. Time is entirely a dependent existence; it
changes with every change of our mind. Sometimes in dream one imagines that one
has lived several years, at other times several months were passed as one
second. So, time is entirely dependent on our state of mind. Secondly, the idea of
time vanishes altogether, sometimes. So with space. We cannot know what
space is. Yet it is there, indefinable, and cannot exist separate from anything
else. So with causation.
The one peculiar attribute we
find in time, space, and causation is that they cannot exist separate from
other things. Try to think of space without colour, or limits, or any
connection with the things around — just abstract space. You cannot; you have to think of
it as the space between two limits or between three objects. It has to be
connected with some object to have any existence. So with time; you cannot have
any idea of abstract time, but you have to take two events, one preceding and the
other succeeding, and join the two events by the idea of succession. Time
depends on two events, just as space has to be related to outside objects. And the
idea of causation is inseparable from time and space. This is the peculiar
thing about them that they have no independent existence. They have not even
the existence which the chair or the wall has. They are as shadows around
everything which you cannot catch. They have no real existence; yet they are
not non-existent, seeing that through them all things are manifesting as this
universe. Thus we see, first, that the combination of time, space, and
causation has neither existence nor non-existence. Secondly, it sometimes
vanishes.
To give an illustration, there
is a wave on the ocean. The wave is the same as the ocean certainly, and yet we
know it is a wave, and as such different from the ocean. What makes this
difference? The name and the form, that is, the idea in the mind and the form.
Now, can we think of a waveform as something separate from the ocean? Certainly
not. It is always associated with the ocean idea. If the wave subsides, the
form vanishes in a moment, and yet the form was not a delusion. So long as the
wave existed the form was there, and you were bound to see the form. This is
Maya.
The whole of this universe,
therefore, is, as it were, a peculiar form; the Absolute is that ocean while
you and I, and suns and stars, and everything else are various waves of that
ocean. And what makes the waves different? Only the form, and that form is time,
space, and causation, all entirely dependent on the wave. As soon as the wave
goes, they vanish. As soon as the individual gives up this Maya, it vanishes for
him and he becomes free.
The whole struggle is to get rid of this clinging on to
time, space, and causation, which are always obstacles in our way. What is
the theory of evolution? What are the two factors? A tremendous potential power
which is trying to express itself, and circumstances which are
holding it down, the environments not allowing it to express itself. So, in order
to fight with these environments, the power is taking new bodies again and again. An
amoeba, in the struggle, gets another body and conquers some obstacles, then
gets another body and so on, until it becomes man. Now, if you carry this
idea to its logical conclusion, there must come a time when that power that was
in the amoeba and which evolved as man will have conquered all the
obstructions that nature can bring before it and will thus escape from all its
environments. This idea expressed in metaphysics will take this form; there are
two components in every action, the one the subject, the other the object and
the one aim of life is to make the subject master of the object. For instance, I feel
unhappy because a man scolds me. My struggle will be to make myself strong
enough to conquer the environment, so that he may scold and I shall not feel.
That is how we are all trying to conquer. What is meant by morality? Making the
subject strong by attuning it to the Absolute, so that finite nature ceases to
have control over us. It is a logical conclusion of our philosophy that there must
come a time when we shall have conquered all the environments, because nature
is finite.
Here is another thing to
learn. How do you know that nature is finite? You can only know this through
metaphysics. Nature is that Infinite under limitations. Therefore it is finite. So,
there must come a time when we shall have conquered all environments. And how
are we to conquer them? We cannot possibly conquer all the objective environments.
We cannot. The little fish wants to fly from its enemies in the water. How does
it do so? By evolving wings and becoming a bird. The fish did not change the
water or the air; the change was in itself. Change is always subjective. All
through evolution you find that the conquest of nature comes by change in the
subject. Apply this to religion and morality, and you will find that the
conquest of evil comes by the change in the subjective alone. That is how the
Advaita system gets its whole force, on the subjective side of man. To talk of
evil and misery is nonsense, because they do not exist outside. If I am immune
against all anger, I never feel angry. If I am proof against all hatred, I
never feel hatred.
This is, therefore, the
process by which to achieve that conquest — through the subjective, by
perfecting the subjective. I may make bold to say that the only religion which
agrees with, and even goes a little further than modern researches, both on physical
and moral lines is the Advaita, and that is why it appeals to modern scientists
so much. They find that the old dualistic theories are not enough for them, do
not satisfy their necessities. A man must have not only faith, but intellectual
faith too. Now, in this later part of the nineteenth century, such an idea as that
religion coming from any other source than one's own hereditary religion must
be false shows that there is still weakness left, and such ideas must be given
up. I do not mean that such is the case in this country alone, it is in every
country, and nowhere more than in my own. This Advaita was never allowed to
come to the people. At first some monks got hold of it and took it to the
forests, and so it came to be called the "Forest Philosophy".
By the mercy of the Lord, the
Buddha came and preached it to the masses, and the whole nation became
Buddhists. Long after that, when atheists and agnostics had destroyed the
nation again, it was found out that Advaita was the only way to save India from
materialism.
Thus has Advaita twice saved
India from materialism Before the Buddha came, materialism had spread to a
fearful extent, and it was of a most hideous kind, not like that of the present
day, but of a far worse nature. I am a materialist in a certain sense, because I
believe that there is only One. That is what the materialist wants you to
believe; only he calls it matter and I call it God. The materialists admit that out of
this matter all hope, and religion, and everything have come. I say, all these
have come out of Brahman. But the materialism that prevailed before Buddha was
that crude sort of materialism which taught, "Eat, drink, and be merry; there is
no God, soul or heaven; religion is a concoction of wicked priests." It
taught the morality that so long as you live, you must try tolive happily; eat, though you
have to borrow money for the food, and never mind about repaying it. That
was the old materialism, and that kind of philosophy spread so much that even
today it has got the name of "popular philosophy". Buddha
brought the Vedanta to light, gave it to the people, and saved India.
A thousand years after his
death a similar state of things again prevailed. The mobs, the masses, and
various races, had been converted to Buddhism; naturally the teachings of the
Buddha became in time degenerated, because most of the people were very
ignorant. Buddhism taught no God, no Ruler of the universe, so gradually the
masses brought their gods, and devils, and hobgoblins out again, and a
tremendous hotchpotch was made of Buddhism in India. Again materialism came to
the fore, taking the form of licence with the higher classes and superstition
with the lower.
Then Shankaracharya arose and
once more revivified the Vedanta philosophy. He made it a rationalistic
philosophy. In the Upanishads the arguments are often very obscure. By Buddha
the moral side of the philosophy was laid stress upon, and by Shankaracharya,
the intellectual side. He worked out, rationalised, and placed before men the
wonderful coherent system of Advaita.
Materialism prevails in Europe
today. You may pray for the salvation of the modern sceptics, but they do
not yield, they want reason. The salvation of Europe depends on a
rationalistic religion, and Advaita — the non-duality, the Oneness, the idea of the
Impersonal God — is the only religion that can have any hold on any intellectual
people. It comes whenever religion seems to disappear and irreligion seems
to prevail, and that is why it has taken ground in Europe and America.
I would say one thing more in
connection with this philosophy. In the old Upanishads we find sublime
poetry; their authors were poets. Plato says, inspiration comes to people
through poetry, and it seems as if these ancient Rishis, seers of Truth, were
raised above humanity to show these truths through poetry. They never preached,
nor philosophised, nor wrote. Music came out of their hearts. In Buddha we had
the great, universal heart and infinite patience, making religion practical and
bringing it to everyone's door. In Shankaracharya we saw tremendous
intellectual power, throwing the scorching light of reason upon everything. We
want today that bright sun of intellectuality joined with the heart of Buddha,
the wonderful infinite heart of love and mercy. This union will give us the
highest philosophy. Science and religion will meet and shake hands. Poetry and
philosophy will become friends. This will be the religion of the future, and if
we can work it out, we may be sure that it will be for all times and peoples.
This is the one way that will
prove acceptable to modern science, for it has almost come to it. When the
scientific teacher asserts that all things are the manifestation of one force,
does it not remind you of the God of whom you hear in the Upanishads: "As
the one fire entering into the universe expresses itself in various forms, even
so that One Soul is expressing Itself in every soul and yet is infinitely more
besides?" Do you not see whither science is tending? The Hindu nation
proceeded through the study of the mind, through metaphysics and logic. The
European nations start from external nature, and now they too are coming to the
same results.
We find that searching through
the mind we at last come to that Oneness, that Universal One, the Internal Soul
of everything, the Essence and Reality of everything, the Ever-Free, the
Ever blissful, the Ever-Existing. Through material science we come to the same Oneness.
Science today is telling us that all things are but the manifestation of one
energy which is the sum total of everything which exists, and the trend of humanity
is towards freedom and not towards bondage. Why should men be moral? Because
through morality is the path towards freedom, and immorality leads to bondage.
Another peculiarity of the
Advaita system is that from its very start it is nondestructive. This is
another glory, the boldness to preach, "Do not disturb the faith of any,
even of those who through ignorance have attached themselves to lower forms of
worship." That is what it says, do not disturb, but help everyone to get
higher and higher; include all humanity. This philosophy preaches a God who is
a sum total. If you seek a universal religion which can apply to everyone, that
religion must not be composed of only the parts, but it must always be their
sum total and include all degrees of religious development.
This idea is not clearly found
in any other religious system. They are all parts equally struggling to attain
to the whole. The existence of the part is only for this. So, from the very first,
Advaita had no antagonism with the various sects existing in India. There are
dualists existing today, and their number is by far the largest in India, because
dualism naturally appeals to less educated minds.
It is a very convenient,
natural, common-sense explanation of the universe. But with these dualists, Advaita
has no quarrel. The one thinks that God is outside the universe, somewhere in
heaven, and the other, that He is his own Soul, and that it will be a blasphemy to
call Him anything more distant. Any idea of separation would be terrible. He is
the nearest of the near. There is no word in any language to express this
nearness except the word Oneness. With any other idea the Advaitist is not
satisfied just as the dualist is shocked with the concept of the Advaita, and
thinks it blasphemous. At the same time the Advaitist knows that these other
ideas must be, and so has no quarrel with the dualist who is on the right road.
From his standpoint, the dualist will have to see many.
It is a constitutional
necessity of his standpoint. Let him have it. The Advaitist knows that whatever may be his
theories, he is going to the same goal as he himself. There he differs
entirely from dualist who is forced by his point of view to believe that all
differing views are wrong. The dualists all the world over naturally believe in a
Personal God who is purely anthropomorphic, who like a great potentate in this
world is pleased with some and displeased with others. He is arbitrarily
pleased with some people or races and showers blessing upon them. Naturally
the dualist comes to the conclusion that God has favourites, and he hopes to be
one of them. You will find that in almost every religion is the idea: "We
are the favourites of our God, and only by believing as we do, can you be taken into
favour with Him." Some dualists are so narrow as to insist that only the few
that have been predestined to the favour of God can be saved; the rest may try
ever so hard, but they cannot be accepted.
I challenge you to show me one
dualistic religion which has not more or less of this exclusiveness. And,
therefore, in the nature of things, dualistic religions are bound to fight and
quarrel with each other, and this they have ever been doing.
Again, these dualists win the
popular favour by appealing to the vanity of the uneducated. They like to feel
that they enjoy exclusive privileges. The dualist thinks you cannot be moral
until you have a God with a rod in His hand, ready to punish you. The unthinking
masses are generally dualists, and they, poor fellows, have been persecuted
for thousands of years in every country; and their idea of salvation is,
therefore, freedom from the fear of punishment.
I was asked by a clergyman in
America, "What! you have no Devil in your religion? How can that be?"
But we
find that the best and the greatest men that havebeen born in the world have
worked with that high impersonal idea. It is the Man who said, "I and my
Father are One", whose power has descended unto millions. For thousands of
years it has worked for good. And we know that the same Man, because he was a
nondualist, was merciful to others.
To the masses who could not conceive of
anything higher than a Personal God, he said, "Pray to your Father in
heaven."
To others who could grasp a higher idea, he said, "I am the vine, ye are the
branches," but to his disciples to whom he revealed himself more fully, he
proclaimed the highest truth, "I and my Father are One."
It was the great Buddha, who
never cared for the dualist gods, and who has been called an atheist and
materialist, who yet was ready to give up his body for a poor goat. That Man set
in motion the highest moral ideas any nation can have. Whenever there is a
moral code, it is ray of light from that Man.
We cannot force the great
hearts of the world into narrow limits, and keep them there, especially at this
time in the history of humanity when there is a degree of intellectual
development such as was never dreamed of even a hundred years ago, when a wave
of scientific knowledge has arisen which nobody, even fifty years ago, would
have dreamed of. By trying to force people into narrow limits you degrade them
into animals and unthinking masses. You kill their moral life.
What is now wanted is a
combination of the greatest heart with the highest intellectuality, of infinite
love with infinite knowledge. The Vedantist gives no other attributes to God
except these three — that He is Infinite Existence, Infinite Knowledge, and
Infinite Bliss, and he regards these three as One.Existence without knowledge
and love cannot be; knowledge without love and love without knowledge cannot
be. What we want is the harmony of Existence, Knowledge, and Bliss Infinite.
For that is our goal. We want
harmony, not one sided development. And it is possible to have the intellect of
a Shankara with the heart of a Buddha. I hope we shall all struggle to attain
to that blessed combination.
Peace love harmony
